Showing posts with label NS50. Show all posts
Showing posts with label NS50. Show all posts

Tuesday, October 10, 2017

[Defending the Lion City] Why We Serve - Our NS Stories








Episode 1: The early years of National Service 
"At that time, the question was, are you ready to stand up for the challenge or will you give up? And if you give up, where will the next generation be?" 
In Part 1 of the new video series "Why We Serve – Our NS Stories", Robert Yeo and other pioneer National Servicemen from the Singapore Armed Forces share their stories of perseverance, and commitment to the cause. 




Episode 2: Basic Military Training – The experience that binds
Basic Military Training is memorable for every Singaporean son. Through the tough training and strict discipline, thousands of recruits mature as they find out a little bit more about who they are, what they stand for, and why they do what they do. Watch Part 2 of "Why We Serve - Our NS Stories" to find out more about this shared experience from those who have gone through this rite of passage.




Episode 3: Soldier, Sailor, Airman - A Common Purpose
After Basic Military Training, Full-time National Servicemen (NSFs) proceed to take on different roles in the Army, Navy and Air Force. Together, they form the backbone of the Singapore Armed Forces, enhancing Singapore’s peace and security. Watch Part 3 of "Why We Serve - Our NS Stories" and see some of the ways in which they contribute to national defence.




Episode 4: Being a Citizen-Soldier
After two years of service, Full-time National Servicemen go on to serve as Operationally Ready National Servicemen (NSmen). They continue to keep themselves combat ready through regular training. Having to balance their families and careers with National Service (NS) responsibilities, strong support from their families, employers/employees and fellow servicemen becomes absolutely critical. Get to know some of our NSmen in Part 4 of "Why We Serve - Our NS Stories" and find out what it means for them to do what they do.




Episode 5: A Shared Commitment
In this final episode of “Why We Serve - Our NS Stories”, we spoke to different members of the community to understand their views on NS, and the reason behind their support for NS. This is their story. 








Wednesday, March 15, 2017

[Defending the Lion City] If Singaporeans don't defend Singapore, who will?



If we don't defend Singapore, who will?
By First Warrant Officer (Retired) Ali Pawiro, 14 March 2017
Published by The New Paper


I remember they barged into my home, taking all the canned food off our shelves. On both their wrists were watches, probably stolen from the households they raided before ours.

I asked: "Who were they? How could they just come in and take our stuff?"

I was just a 10-year-old boy.

When I was older, I worked in a bank as an office boy. I heard about the opportunity to enlist in the Singapore Volunteer Corps and went to sign up eagerly. But my application was rejected as I was underage. I applied again as soon as I was eligible.


Singapore Volunteer Corps Cap Badge circa 1928 - 1942 


While I cannot say exactly why I wanted to volunteer so badly, I believe my childhood experience might have been a major factor.

After joining as a volunteer in 1952, I worked my way up to become a corporal. They soon discovered I had a knack for instructing, so in 1954, 15 of us were selected as permanent staff instructors, trained by the British army.

I was eventually appointed regimental sergeant major of the Officer Cadet School, in charge of drills and weapons training.

I served as an instructor for years and had the opportunity to watch my son Azlan, and more recently my grandson Afiq, serve the nation.

I have seen some things change over the years, but there are also some which will always remain the same.

One key difference is the role of technology in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).

Since my time as an infantry instructor, our weapons have become lighter and they shoot faster. This has made us more agile.

I started off with the bolt-action rifles, then the self-loading ones, and finally the M16 rifles.

Now, I hear they have upgraded to the SAR-21 rifles.

I am a little jealous because Afiq tells me that the SAR-21 is even equipped with a laser-aiming device for better accuracy.

Even the changes in the SAF uniform over the years bear testament to the important role that technology plays in upgrading the SAF's capabilities.


Different SAF uniforms over the years 
Pic: AsiaOne


The pixelated uniform that Afiq wears is far lighter and more comfortable than the Temasek Green uniform I had.

Training methods have also improved. I remember when we were training under the Israeli Defence Force advisors before my posting to SAF Training Institute, we were told to dig trenches with our hands.

We tried to tell them this was impossible because the ground was hard rock. It was only after I showed them that even my cangkul (Malay for hoe) broke from digging that they conceded that their instruction was not very logical.

We have come a long way since. Our national servicemen today are highly educated, and lessons are now very detailed and structured.

Azlan and Afiq have told me of how their instructors explained what they were doing and why they were doing it.

This has helped them to better understand the rationale behind the training session and consequently, for the soldiers to train with stronger conviction.

As a former instructor myself, I cannot help but agree that those with a strong conviction are more committed to give of their best in training.

I have had my fair share of challenges, but never once did I feel that my sacrifices and hard work were not worth it.

My commitment to serve is still as fresh as it was when I signed up to be a volunteer. Azlan and Afiq feel the same way.

In our conversations after they enlisted for national service, they came to understand what an honour and great responsibility it was to put on the SAF uniform and defend Singapore.

I am confident that our servicemen and servicewomen feel the same.

Despite the many years of peace and prosperity that Singapore has enjoyed, we must never forget that what you cannot protect is not yours.


Skulls, bones and other grisly remains being exhumed from a mass grave of Operation Sook Ching victims in Bedok on June 10, 1966. Pic: The Straits Times


For this reason, NS is vital to our nation's survival and continued way of life.

Although technology has contributed to a strong NS system, our people and their sense of purpose are what matters most.

I think there was an important lesson for us to learn that day as we were digging the trenches.

Nobody likes to dig a trench, not even with a cangkul, especially under the hot sun, but we still do it anyway.

Why? Generation after generation, if we cannot overcome hardship, how can we think of doing the bigger things like defending our families and protecting this land we call home?

And if we don't protect Singapore, who will?


The writer spent 29 years in the army and was the Singapore Armed Forces Officer Cadet School's first Regimental Sergeant Major. Today (14 March 2017) is the 50th anniversary of the NS (Amendment) Bill.


Article Source: The New Paper






Read more here:
Mindef: Standard Singapore Military Rifles of the 20th Century

NLB Infopedia - Singapore Volunteer Corps

Singapore and Malaya Volunteer Corps

Mindef: Looks do matter - new SAF combat uniform

AsiaOne: Meet Singapore's No. 1 military buff who's spent over $80,000 on his collection




Thursday, February 16, 2017

[Defending the Lion City] Keeping Us Safe Everyday - Singapore's Home Team





FRONTLINERS - Episode 1
Frontliners is a web series about National Servicemen in the SPF and SCDF produced to commemorate 50 years of National Service this year. Catch a glimpse of the extraordinary experiences the National Servicemen faced in this prologue.




Very often, our Brothers serving in the S'pore Police Force (SPF), S'pore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) and other Home Team agencies, are often overlooked when the topic of National Service comes up. The spotlight is always on the SAF - not because of any other reason, except that the armed forces makes up the largest intake of NS servicemen -therefore the most visible.

There may be endless friendly debates or jibs about whose service is more "siong" (hardship) but that doesn't mean that Home Team servicemen serve Singapore in any lesser capacity or importance.

The reality is that Home Team servicemen are often exposed to real-life situations which can be dangerous and horrifying on a daily basis. Here's an extract of what one SDCF serviceman (‘longtailbutterfly’) had to say.

"... 
At lunch the next day my friend (SAF LTA) tells me how stressful being an instructor at SAFTI has been recently. I remember as my cylinder got trapped on the fallen wire, and how I thought of my family in those few struggling seconds. I nod my head and grunt. " SAF has it tough with JCC and everything huh?" I joke. He agrees enthusiastically.
All in a day’s work for the NSFs in SPF/SCDF. If we fail, someone dies from our direct actions. Welcome to NS. No second chances or semula. Just death. I wish the public knew the risks that some NSFs take each day. We might not be as fit as NDU or as garang as commandos, but we put our lives on the line literally every day.
As an NSF I can say I have contributed to Singapore. No play acting or training for a war that will never happen (though I understand the incredible need for an armed military). I love my job, I love NS and wouldn't trade it for anything else (maybe an EMT vocation).
I am still amazed that many members of public still associate NS with army. I wish more people would know. There's no greater feeling in this world than knowing some uncle I helped rescue on my first duty at 0200 will live to eat his favourite mee pok or talk cock with his kakis because of my direct actions. Take a look at every fire or major rescue / ambulance incident in the news. Chances are 70% of the people that responded to that incident are NSFs. Whenever I get my haircut at QB the auntie always asks me "boy you army ah?" and I've run out of effort to correct her. Pride and care right?  ..."
SDCF serviceman ‘longtailbutterfly’ (See the full Reddit Post here)

No matter what your NS service branch, vocation or role, we should all recognize that all of us are small but extremely vital cogs in a larger whole called Singapore.

Keep safe and Thank you all for your service to our country.




#DefendingtheLionCity #NationalService #NS50 #OurHomeOurTeam 

Tuesday, February 14, 2017

[Defending the Lion City] Total Defence Day Message 2017

Total Defence Day 2017 Message from Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen

"... On 15 February, 75 years ago, Singapore fell, as British forces surrendered to Japanese invaders. 
In this video, I stand in the very room in the former Ford Factory along Upper Bukit Timah Road in which the surrender took place. 
Three and a half years of suffering and deprivation followed for those living in Singapore under Japanese Occupation. 
This is why we commemorate Total Defence Day on 15 February every year – a reminder that only when everyone plays a part through Military, Civil, Economic, Social and Psychological Defence, can we ensure a Singapore that is safe, secure and sovereign. ..."
Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen (via FB post)

Read more about Singapore's Total Defence here.




Pic: SGAG






#NeverAgain #DefendingtheLionCity #SAF #NationalService #NS50 #WhyMustWeServe #LestWeForget





[Defending the Lion City] The Battle of Opium Hill & the heroism of Lieutenant Adnan Saidi


The bust of 2nd Lt Adnan Saidi.
2nd Lt Adnan Saidi (1915 – 14 February 1942), was a Malayan soldier of the 1st Infantry Brigade which fought the Japanese in the Battle of Singapore. He is regarded by Singaporeans and Malaysians today as a hero for his actions on Bukit Chandu's Battle for Pasir Panjang.



On 14 Feb 1942, one of the fiercest and bloodiest battle of Singapore took place at Bukit Chandu, Pasir Panjang which was part of the British’s final defense parameter against the invading Japanese army.


Bukit Chandu



The Battle of Opium Hill (Bukit Chandu)



The Battle of Opium Hill on 14 February 1942 at Pasir Panjang was one of the fiercest battles that took place in Singapore in World War II. It pitted the invading Japanese Imperial Army against the brave but heavily out-numbered troops of the Malay Regiment. 


The battle is also remembered for the heroism of Lieutenant Adnan Saidi, a platoon commander of the 1st Battalion who, together with his men, fought the Japanese to their grisly deaths. Today, an interpretive centre, Reflections at Bukit Chandu, stands on the hill, commemorating the battle and the contributions of these men.

Opium Hill, or Bukit Chandu in Malay, constituted the British final defence parameter against the invading Japanese army. The Japanese campaign to invade Singapore had begun on 8 February 1942, with one strategic defensive position after another rapidly falling into Japanese hands. 


By 13 February, the Japanese Imperial Army (JIA) had shifted its attention to Pasir Panjang Ridge. The ridge was important because it offered a passage to the Alexandra area where the British Military Hospital and the main British ammunition and ordinance depots were located.



The task of defending the ridge was assigned to the Malay Regiment. It distinguished itself by fighting on despite heavy and continuous shelling by the Japanese army. Despite the regiment’s valiant resistance, the defence lines fell and the 18th Division of the JIA gained control of the western side of the ridge. Only the “C” Company of the 1st Malay Battalion was able to maintain its position at Pasir Panjang Village. 

Having suffered great losses, the Malay Regiment withdrew in the evening to establish a new defence position in the Buona Vista area. “C” Company, which included Adnan and his men in No. 7 Platoon, was sent to Point 226 (or Bukit Chandu) on the eastern end of the ridge. The hill was named after an opium-processing factory located on the hill.

The Japanese continued their offensive on 14 February. In the early afternoon, Japanese troops were spotted advancing uphill on Bukit Chandu, disguised as Punjabi soldiers of the British Indian Army. Adnan’s suspicion was stirred when he noticed that the troops were moving in groups of four instead of the usual three, as was the norm for the British army. 

Realising that these were in fact enemy troops disguised as British Indian soldiers, Adnan ordered his men to open fire. 20 enemy men were mortally wounded, causing the Japanese to retreat. This victory for the Malay Regiment was however short-lived as two hours later, the Japanese launched an all-out attack with more soldiers, artillery, and air and mortar bombardment. 

Fierce fighting ensued on Opium Hill, and when ammunition ran short, Adnan and his men resorted to hand-to-hand combat using their bayonets. Heavily out-numbered, the men of “C” Company were completely overrun and fell to the Japanese. 

According to official and eye-witness accounts, Adnan was hung from a tree and repeatedly bayoneted until he died. By the afternoon of 14 February, the defence line at Pasir Panjang Ridge had been breached. The Japanese captured Alexandra Military Hospital and subsequently massacred its occupants, leaving only a few to escape.

After the war, a book titled The Malay Regiment 1933–1947 was published by the Department of Public Relations of the Malay Peninsula in 1947, to chronicle the heroic deeds of the Malay Regiment. In 1956 and 1957, the British war department and the local government agreed to preserve the site of the battle at the Pasir Panjang Ridge as an open field.


Authors: Nor-Afidah A Rahman & Nureza Ahmad




Base image credit: Cyberpioneer Flickr




#NeverAgain #DefendingtheLionCity #SAF #NationalService #NS50 #WhyMustWeServe #LestWeForget


Read more here:





Wednesday, February 8, 2017

[Defending the Lion City] The Imperial Japanese Army invades Singapore (WW2)


On this day (8 Feb) in 1942 , Japanese troops crossed into Singapore from Johor, landing on Sarimbun beach. 
Pic: National Museum of Singapore via The Singapore Army FB page)



On 8 Feb 1942, after intensively bombing the northwestern coast of Singapore, the Imperial Japanese Army crossed over the Johore Straits from Malaya and landed in Singapore. The Australian Troops that were tasked to defending the area were quickly overran by the Japanese forces.


Australian positions in Singapore 8-15 February 1942


"... The Japanese had prepared for the invasion of Singapore with a heavy bombardment. They began their amphibious landings on the north-west of the island, where the Strait of Johore is narrowest. This area was held by the Australian 22nd Infantry Brigade but late on the night of 8 February the Japanese made their way through undefended sections. Twenty-four hours later a second Japanese landing force struck between the Causeway and the mouth of the Kranji River, an area held by the Australian 27th Infantry Brigade. By the morning of 10 February there were Japanese troops on most of north-west Singapore. ..." 
Australia's War 1939-1945


"... The 22nd Australian Brigade had to cover the northwestern coastline but were overwhelmed by the Japanese forces within two hours of the attack due to the latter's numerical superiority. The gaps in their defences were to prove fatal during the invasion. 
On the night of 8 February 1942 at around 10:30pm, the Japanese launched their invasion from concealed positions up the Skudai and Melayu Rivers of Johore. Under the cover of darkness and using assault boats and barges, the 5th Division crossed the Straits of Johore. They landed on the coastline between Lim Chu Kang Road and Sarimbun Beach. 
As the Australian artillery and searchlight units failed to react, only the first wave of the invasion was repelled. However the numerical superiority of the Japanese forces were either wiped out on the beaches or retreating to new defence lines. ..."
Roots.SG: Sarimbun Beach Landing


Battle for Singapore



This invasion would mark the beginning of the fall of Singapore to the Imperial Japanese Army, and the subsequent horrific Occupation of Singapore by the Japanese.





#NeverAgain #DefendingtheLionCity #SAF #NationalService #NS50 #WhyMustWeServe #LestWeForget

Read more here:

National Library Board - Battle of Singapore

NewspaperSG: 'WILL FIGHT TO LAST INCH IN MALAYA'—PREMIER'S PLEDGE The Straits Times, 28 January 1942, Page 4

HistorySG - Singapore Falls to the Japanese

Roots.SG - Sarimnum Beach Landing

Wikipedia - Japanese occupation of Singapore


Wednesday, March 9, 2016

[Defending the Lion City] In Memory of the lives lost in service to the Nation

Facebook Post by The Reservist, 9 March 2016


On 9 Mar 1997, a 155mm artillery round exploded in the barrel of a FH2000 gun howitzer during a live firing exercise by 23SA.

NSFs 3SG Ronnie Tan Han Chong and LCP Low Yin Tit died in the accident, and another 12 servicemen were injured.

It's been 19 years, but the pain will never go away. Condolences to the families of 3SG Tan and LCP Low. #neverforgotten

The Singapore Army Singapore Artillery cyberpioneer


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When a member of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) dies in service 

An extract from Senang Diri, Friday, April 20, 2012

"...On a related point, the commitment of the Singapore Artillery formation in remembering its dead gunners who died serving their country during the first Thunder Warrior live-fire exercise in New Zealand is both commendable and touching. Fifteen years have passed since Third Sergeant Ronnie Tan Han Chong and Lance Corporal Low Yin Tit died while manning their FH-2000 155mm gun. But the simple, dignified obituary has kept appearing year after year, long after that fateful date.
Pic: Senang Diri, The Straits Times 9 March 2012

The Singapore Artillery officers and men who were directly involved in that incident would have long gone on to other postings in the SAF or left the military. And NSF gunners who served alongside the two men would be in their mid-30s by now. But the Singapore Artillery has somehow internalised the incident and future generations in HQ SA have never forgotten to place the newspaper obit on the death anniversary...."
First posted here: Senang Diri
Read the full post here: http://kementah.blogspot.sg/2012/04/when-member-of-singapore-armed-forces.html

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The 155mm Gun Howitzer Chamber Explosion on 9 Mar 97 in New Zealand
Posted: 28 Jun 1997, 0900 hours (GMT +8)

A 155mm artillery round exploded in the barrel of a FH2000 gun howitzer on Sun, 9 Mar 97 in Waiouru, New Zealand, during a live firing exercise conducted by the 23rd Battalion, Singapore Artillery. The incident resulted in the death of two full-time national servicemen, Third Sergeant Ronnie Tan Han Chong and Lance Corporal Low Yin Tit. Another 12 servicemen, including a Staff Sergeant from the New Zealand Defence Force, were injured in the incident.

The Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) convened a Committee of Inquiry on 17 Mar to investigate the circumstances leading to the incident. The Committee was chaired by Mr Tan Gee Paw, Permanent Secretary (Environment). The other five members of the Committee included Mr Andrew Renton-Green, a senior official from the New Zealand Ministry of Defence, and representatives from the Ministry of Health, Legal Services of MINDEF, and the Singapore Armed Forces(SAF).

On 2 May, the Committee submitted its findings and recommendations to MINDEF. The Committee concluded that the correct procedures had been strictly followed by the artillery unit involved, and there was no human error by any member of the unit. There was also no breach of any SAF training safety regulations.

The Committee concluded that the most probable cause of the incident was a defective fuze that was attached to the 155mm shell which was loaded into the gun howitzer. The defective fuze resulted in the premature explosion. After the incident, the lot of fuzes from which the defective fuze came was X-rayed. 1.3% of the fuzes were found to be defective.

This defective lot of fuzes was supplied by the Chartered Ammunition Industries (CAI) to MINDEF under an agreement in 1992. CAI was to supply fuzes manufactured according to internationally accepted military specifications. These military specifications require thorough inspections and other quality control measures during and after the manufacturing process to eliminate all defects in the fuzes.

CAI, in turn, contracted with a U.S. company, Island Ordnance Systems (IOS), for the supply of these fuzes. Without the knowledge of CAI, IOS obtained the fuzes from Xian Dong Fang Machinery Factory in the People's Republic of China (PRC). In October 94, CAI discovered that the fuzes were manufactured at the factory in the PRC rather than in the USA. However, CAI did not notify MINDEF of this discovery. MINDEF only became aware that these fuzes were manufactured in the PRC during the Committee of Inquiry proceedings in Mar.

When the fuzes were delivered to CAI, IOS issued a Certificate of Compliance and a Certificate of Conformance to confirm that the required military specifications had been met. Sample testing of the fuzes was also conducted by CAI during which no defective fuzes were found. Based on these Certificates, MINDEF accepted the fuzes from CAI.

MINDEF is responsible for ensuring that all types of ammunition and fuzes used in the SAF are safe. MINDEF does so by conducting acceptance testing of ammunition and fuzes either by itself or by reliable contractors. In this case, MINDEF had engaged CAI to provide the SAF with the fuzes. In particular, CAI agreed to witness the acceptance tests for the fuzes, on behalf of MINDEF. However, CAI did not witness all the acceptance tests. CAI also did not check whether the factory in the PRC was able to manufacture the fuzes according to the required military specifications.

To prevent defective fuzes from being introduced into the SAF inventory again in future, MINDEF will completely revamp the current acceptance process. MINDEF has also ceased using all types of ammunition and fuzes from IOS. MINDEF will also not accept ammunition and fuzes manufactured by Xian Dong Fang Machinery Factory.

MINDEF will continue to use 155mm fuzes of this type which have been made by a different manufacturer. As an added precaution, all such fuzes will be X-rayed. With these precautions in place, the SAF resumed live firing with the 155mm guns in May.

MINDEF will be pursuing the appropriate legal remedies that may be available against the parties involved in the supply of the defective fuzes.

MINDEF has compensated the families of the two deceased SAF servicemen and will compensate the injured servicemen in accordance with existing regulations.

MINDEF will be nominating various SAF and New Zealand personnel for appropriate awards in recognition of their acts of bravery and professionalism during the incident.

Last updated on 24 Jun 2005
Find this article at: http://www.mindef.gov.sg:80/content/imindef/press_room/official_releases/nr/1997/jun/28jun97_nr.html

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Factsheet - 155mm Gun Explosion In New Zealand On 9 Mar 97 Citation - 1WO Mohinder Singh



1WO MOHINDER SINGH

1WO MOHINDER SINGH from School of Artillery was attached to Gun Detachment No 6 ( a New Zealand Gun Detachment ) as a Weapon Safety Officer. His position was approximately 40 to 50 metres away when the 155mm in-bore explosion happened.

When he heard the explosion and saw SWO NAINAR being flung out, 1WO MOHINDER SINGH reacted instantly by shielding his face with one hand to avoid the falling debris, and ran towards the injured SWO NAINAR. As SWO NAINAR is bigger in build than himself, he had difficulty pulling him out of the explosion site.

Despite the imminent danger of further explosions, 1WO MOHINDER SINGH continued relentlessly with his rescue. When LT FORRESTER arrived at the scene, both of them pulled SWO NAINAR to safety. 1WO MOHINDER SINGH had risked his own life to pull out an injured fellow warrant officer to safety from the gun explosion. He did not place any regard for his own safety, and was the first to reach the badly injured SWO NAINAR.

1WO MOHINDER SINGH tried to save SWO NAINAR by attending to his wounds, but could not stop his bleeding. Knowing that his own blood group (B-) is the same as SWO NAINAR, he went with him in the Casevac with the intention to donate his blood, should the need arise.

1WO MOHINDER’s untiring efforts to save SWO NAINAR at the risk of his own life are highly commendable. His act of bravery has done the SAF proud.

1WO MOHINDER SINGH is presented the SAF MEDAL FOR DISTINGUISH ACT.

Source: http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/press_room/official_releases/nr/1997/jul/14jul97_nr2/14jul97_fs2.html#.VuAAOUDdjbM

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PREVIOUS RECIPIENTS OF THE SAF MEDAL FOR DISTINGUISHED ACT (FACT SHEET)

1. The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) Medal for Distinguished Act or the Pingat Jasa Perwira (Tentera) is a State award approved by the President of the Republic of Singapore and gazetted on 25 Jun 97. The SAF Medal for Distinguished Act is conferred on any individual who has performed an act or a series of acts of courage without regard for his personal safety.

2. The SAF Medal for Distinguished Act had previously been awarded to five SAF personnel and one serviceman from the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF):

a. Lieutenant-Colonel (LTC) Toh Boh Kwee, First Warrant Officer Mohinder Singh, First Sergeant Teo Boon Hong and Lieutenant Leroy Forrester from the NZDF for risking their lives to help injured soldiers immediately after an in-bore explosion of a 155mm artillery round in the barrel of an FH2000 gun-howitzer occurred during a live firing exercise in New Zealand in 1997.
b. LTC Lo Yong Po for remaining behind in an area that was overrun by insurgents to see to the safe extrication of UN officials after extensive fighting broke out during his participation in the United Nations Special Mission in Afghanistan (UNSMA) in 1998.

c. Captain (NS) Kok Yin Khong for administering first aid, while exposed to hostile fire, to a UN military observer who was shot by an unidentified gunman in a fire fight, when he was serving in the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) in 1998.